PSG has now won the season-opening trophy on 14 different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a successful penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the showdown between the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring in the opening stages.
Yet, the southern French side struck twice in the closing moments to seize a surprise lead. First, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before the defender unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a crucial equaliser in the dying seconds to send the match into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the hero, saving decisive attempts from O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing shootout victory.
Now 14-time champions Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the twelfth time in the last 13 seasons.